SST 101 • INTRODUCTION TO PROBABILITY & STATISTICS

Unit 01

Introduction To Statistics And Probability

Introduces statistics as the science of collecting, analyzing, interpreting, presenting, and organizing data, and probability as the study of uncertainty and likelihood

Statistics: collecting, analyzing, interpreting, presenting, and organizing data Probability: uncertainty and likelihood of events

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Unit 02

Types Of Data

Distinguishes qualitative categorical data into nominal and ordinal types and quantitative numerical data into discrete and continuous types

Qualitative (Categorical): Nominal and Ordinal Quantitative (Numerical): Discrete and Continuous

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Unit 03

Data Collection Methods

Covers methods used to collect data, including surveys, experiments, observational studies, interviews, and questionnaires

Surveys Experiments Observational Studies Interviews Questionnaires

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Unit 04

Data Representation

Explains representing data using frequency distribution tables and graphs such as bar charts, histograms, pie charts, and line graphs

Tables: Frequency distribution Graphs: Bar charts, Histograms, Pie charts, Line graphs

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Unit 05

Measures Of Central Tendency

Covers the mean as an arithmetic average, the median as the middle value, and the mode as the most frequent value

Mean: Arithmetic average Median: Middle value Mode: Most frequent value

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Unit 06

Measures Of Dispersion

Presents measures of spread including range, variance, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation

Range = Max - Min Variance: average of squared deviations from the mean Standard Deviation: square root of variance Coefficient of Variation = SD / Mean

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Unit 07

Probability Concepts

Introduces experiments, sample spaces, events, the probability formula, and laws including addition, multiplication, and complementary rules

Experiment, Sample space, Event Probability formula: favorable outcomes / total outcomes Addition law Multiplication law Complementary rule

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Unit 08

Probability Distributions

Covers discrete distributions such as binomial and Poisson, the continuous normal distribution, and properties of the normal curve

Discrete: Binomial, Poisson Continuous: Normal Distribution Properties of Normal Curve: Symmetrical, Bell-shaped

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Unit 09

Sampling Techniques

Describes sampling techniques including random, stratified, systematic, cluster, and convenience sampling

Random Stratified Systematic Cluster Convenience

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Unit 10

Estimation And Confidence Intervals

Explains point estimates, interval estimates, and confidence levels, typically 95%

Point estimate: single value estimate such as sample mean Interval estimate: range within which the parameter lies Confidence level, typically 95%

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Unit 11

Hypothesis Testing

Introduces null and alternative hypotheses, test statistics such as Z, t, and chi-square, and the interpretation of p-values

Null Hypothesis (H0) vs Alternative Hypothesis (H1) Test statistics: Z, t, chi-square P-value: probability of observing result if H0 is true

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Unit 12

Correlation And Regression

Covers correlation and Pearson's correlation coefficient, regression for predicting a dependent variable from an independent variable, and the least squares method

Correlation: strength and direction of linear relationship Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) Regression: predicting dependent variable (Y) from independent variable (X) Least squares method: Y = a + bX

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Unit 13

Skewness And Kurtosis

Defines skewness as a measure of asymmetry and kurtosis as a measure of peakedness

Skewness: measure of asymmetry Kurtosis: measure of peakedness

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Unit 14

Moments

Introduces central moments about the mean, including variance as the second moment, skewness as the third, and kurtosis as the fourth

Moments about mean: central moments 2nd central moment = variance 3rd central moment = skewness 4th central moment = kurtosis

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Unit 15

Uses Of Statistics In Real Life

Lists real-life applications of statistics in fields such as economics, business, medicine, social sciences, and engineering

Economics Business Medicine Social Sciences Engineering

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